General Information on Access Rights
Users by access rights are divided into three categories:
- owner - the owner of the account (other users can also get the owner's rights),
- the user group that the owner belongs to (by default, it has the same rights as the "others"),
- the rest - visitors of the resource.
Rights may include:
- read (r),
- record (w),
- execution (x).
User rights can be written in numbers and letters in the following form:
|
Digital notation |
Letter notation |
Rights |
|
0 |
--- |
No rights |
|
1 |
--x |
Execution |
|
2 |
-w- |
Recording |
|
3 |
-wx |
Recording and execution |
|
4 |
r-- |
Reading |
|
5 |
r-x |
Reading and execution |
|
6 |
rw- |
Reading and writing |
|
7 |
rwx |
Recording, writing and execution |
The rights are specified in the following sequence:
- for the owner
- for the group,
- for other users.
For example, write 744 (or rwx r-- r--) means that the owner can read, write, and execute (7 / rwx), and everyone else can read only (4 / r--).
Rights are set differently for files and directories:
|
Rights |
For files |
For directories |
|
r, reading |
View content |
View content i.e. objects in directory |
|
w, writing |
Changing content |
Changing the contents of the directory, i.e. you can add, delete and change objects in the directory |
|
x, execution |
Launching a file for execution |
Entering to directory |
Examples of access rights combinations:
|
Numbers |
Letters |
Rights |
|
700 |
rwx------ |
The owner can view and change the contents of a directory or file, run a file, or enter a directory. Other users have no access. |
|
744 |
rwxr--r-- |
The owner can view and change the contents of a directory or file, run a file, or enter a directory. Other users can only view the contents of the directory or file |
You can use the ls -l command to view the set rights. Permissions for files are marked with "-", for directory "d":
User-name@server:~/test_home$ ls -l
total 4
drwx------ 2 username customers 4096 Mar 10 12:30 directory-name
-rw-r--r-- 1 username customers 0 Mar 10 12:30 file-name.txt
Setting Up Access Rights
You can configure file and directory permissions in two ways:
- via SSH connection,
- via an FTP client.
Via SSH
Permissions are set with the chmod command. We recommend using digital notation. Enter zero before the rights.
chmod 0xxx file-name (or directory-name)
For example:
Set 700 rights on file-name.txt:
username@server:~/test_home$ chmod 0700 file-name.txt
Set 777 rights to directory-name directory:
username@server:~/test_home$ chmod 0777 directory-name/
The –R option allows you to assign rights recursively.
To grant 744 rights to all objects and subdirectories in the current directory:
username@server:~/test_home$ chmod -R 0755 *
Via FTP (FileZilla)
- Connect to the server.
- Select the required file or directory. Right-click on it and select File rights.
- Set the required rights.
It is also possible to apply settings to subdirectories here. - Save your changes.
If you have any questions, please create a ticket to technical support.